Monitor Neural Activity

Here we will identify nonhuman primate (NHP) neuron types and build an extensive toolbox of vectors for circuit- based neuroscience studies. NHPs share substantial neuroanatomical, genetic, and behavioral homology with humans, and therefore they are indispensable for investigating the neural circuit basis of cognition and devising therapies to treat neurological and psychiatric disorders. Despite the importance of NHPs, we lack the tools to analyze and manipulate complex circuits in the primate brain.

PROJECT SUMMARY In this proposal we aim to identify gene regulatory elements that permit the targeting and manipulation of brain circuit models of human brain function. Gaining genetic access to specific neuron populations in nontransgenic animals and humans would enable targeted circuit modulation for hypothesis testing and provide a means to evaluate the safety and efficacy of circuit modulation for the treatment of epilepsy and psychiatric disorders.

SUMMARY Controlling specific neural circuits across large areas of the brain is a major technology goal of the BRAIN Initiative.

PROJECT SUMMARY  A major goal of the BRAIN initiative is to understand neuronal connectivity and plasticity in the context of  animal behavior. The functions and connectivity 

Abstract Synaptic transmission is mainly mediated by classical neurotransmitters such as glutamate and g-amino butyric acid (GABA) which transduce fast information flow in the brain. This process is tightly regulated by neuromodu- lators including monoamines and neuropeptides.

Project Summary (maximum 30 lines) The BRAIN initiative seeks to develop and apply technologies in order to understand of how brain cells interact in both time and space to give rise to brain function.

PROJECT SUMMARY/ABSTRACT It is estimated that the human brain contains an overwhelming 1015 synapses, structures essential for the normal functioning of neural circuits. Our knowledge of the connections that form these critical signaling sites, in even the simplest vertebrate nervous systems, is sorely lacking.

Project Summary Developing new methodological and analytical tools to address currently insurmountable experimental questions is crucial to the future of neuroscience. While recent advances in two-photon microscopy and activity sensors have revolutionized our understanding of the cellular and circuit basis of behavior, many barriers still exist that preclude fully exploring the molecular basis of these processes in vivo.

Project Summary Population neuroscience requires investigation of brain-behavioral relationships within epidemiological samples studied in longitudinal designs, including a large number of assessment modalities and with subjects enrolled at many data collection sites to achieve a large sample and broad representation of the population.

SUMMARY/ABSTRACT A major goal of neuroscience is to understand how neuromodulatory systems regulate core processes of brain and behavior, from motor function and learning to reward, aversion, attention, and sleep. These systems go awry in schizophrenia and disorders of mood, motor control and cognition. Treatment for these conditions often turns to pharmacological manipulation of neuromodulators and their receptors. Understanding of neuromodulatory circuits has advanced considerably thanks to optogenetics and chemogenetics. But neuromodulation is difficult to crack.