Understanding the BRAIN Initiative Budget

Overview

Each year, the National Institutes of Health’s Brain Research Through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies® Initiative, or The BRAIN Initiative®, receives its budget from the United States Congress. The NIH BRAIN Initiative is made up of, and managed by, 10 Institutes and Centers (IC) at NIH, whose missions and current research portfolios both complement and benefit from the goals of the BRAIN Initiative.

The NIH BRAIN Initiative is funded by Congress from two streams:

As line items in the budgets of the 10 BRAIN Initiative ICs. This is known as the base allocation.
From funding authorized by the 21st Century Cures Act. The Cures Act funding is a congressional supplement signed into law in 2016 and designed to boost key innovation programs, such as the BRAIN Initiative, with predetermined, varying annual amounts starting in fiscal year (FY) 2017 and ending in FY 2026.

Bar graph representing the NIH BRAIN Initiative budget from FY 2014 - 2025 — BRAIN Initiative Budget for Fiscal Years 2014 - 2025 (Dollars in Millions) for base allocations and 21st Century Cures Act authorization. 21st Century Cures Act authorization jumped from $152 million in FY 2022 to $450 million in FY 2023, representing an increase of $298 million. In FY 2023, Congress reduced the NIH BRAIN Initiative’s base allocation by $238 million, bringing it down to $230 million. BRAIN’s total allocation for FY 2023 still reflected a $60 million increase, from $620 million to $680 million ($450 million from 21st Century Cures Act plus $230 million in base funding). In FY 2024, the base allocation remained flat at $230 million and the 21st Century Cures Act funds dropped to $172 million (as determined in advance), resulting in a total allocation of $402 million for BRAIN, or 40% less than the FY 2023 budget. In FY 2025, Cures Act funding dropped another $81 million. That decrease, coupled with the BRAIN Initiative’s base allocation remaining flat at $230 million, led to a total appropriated budget of $321 million.

Frequently Asked Questions

Below are answers to both general questions we have received about the NIH BRAIN Initiative's budget and questions specifically for researchers. We will continue to update the community as new information becomes available.

About the NIH BRAIN Initiative budget

How does FY 2025 funding compare to previous years?

The FY 2025 budget was passed by Congress and signed by the President in March 2025. The budget includes $321 million for the NIH BRAIN Initiative. This represents an $81 million decrease from the FY 2024 appropriated amount of $402 million, an approximate 20% drop. This is due to a decrease in 21st Century Cures funding, from $172 million in FY 2024 to $91 million in the current year (as determined in advance), coupled with a flat base budget of $230 million.

Below is previously published information on the FY 2024 budget:

The FY 2024 budget was passed by Congress and signed by the President in March 2024. The budget includes $402 million for the BRAIN Initiative. This represents a $278 million decrease from the FY 2023 appropriation of $680 million, due to a drop in 21st Century Cures Act funding and a decrease in the BRAIN Initiative’s base allocation.

To further explain:

21st Century Cures Act authorization jumped from $152 million in FY 2022 to $450 million in FY 2023, representing an increase of $298 million.
In FY 2023, Congress reduced the NIH BRAIN Initiative’s base allocation by $238 million, bringing it down to $230 million. BRAIN’s total allocation for FY 2023 still reflected a $60 million increase, from $620 million to $680 million ($450 million from 21st Century Cures Act plus $230 million in base funding).
In FY 2024, the base allocation remained flat at $230 million and the 21st Century Cures Act funds dropped to $172 million (as determined in advance), resulting in a total allocation of $402 million for BRAIN, or 40% less than the FY 2023 budget.

What are the NIH BRAIN Initiative’s research priorities?

NIH BRAIN Initiative projects span a range of disciplines, each one embodying what remains central to the Initiative—innovative, collaborative, open, and ethical neuroscience.
BRAIN Initiative research results to date have allowed us to better understand healthy brain function as well as dysfunction, which provides a path to pioneering precision treatments for individuals with brain disorders.

High-priority projects will continue to focus on platform tools, technologies, and other resources that will accelerate discovery across the NIH neuroscience portfolio. Looking ahead, the BRAIN Initiative will be placing an emphasis on:

Investing in the development and training of early-stage investigators;
Building a sustainable future for large-scale, transformative projects known as the BRAIN Initiative Cell Atlas Network (BICAN), the BRAIN Initiative Connectivity Across Scales program (BRAIN CONNECTS), and the Armamentarium for Precision Brain Cell Access; and
Building the Brain Behavior Quantification and Synchronization (BBQS) program, which aims to define how the brain controls behavior.

Based on the decrease in BRAIN funding for FY 2025, are there specific areas of research that will be more affected than others?

We are looking closely at all of our programs and will make decisions to best maintain the momentum we’ve built over the past decade, while considering overall portfolio balance of innovative neuroscience research and neurotechnology development.

When could more funding get appropriated to the NIH BRAIN Initiative?

Funds are provided to the BRAIN Initiative on an annual basis by Congress. We will know the level of funding once the budget for FY 2026 is enacted. This budget would cover Oct. 1, 2025–September 30, 2026.

What happens to the BRAIN Initiative after 21st Century Cures Act money runs out in FY2026?

We are grateful for Congress’s support of the BRAIN Initiative since it launched in 2014. While Cures Act funding expires after FY2026, the NIH BRAIN Initiative will continue to fund groundbreaking research as long as Congress continues to provide base funding to the 10 BRAIN Institutes and Centers in the annual appropriations process. The level of funding will determine the size and scope of the program.

For researchers

I’m planning to submit an application for an upcoming receipt date for a BRAIN funding announcement; should I still submit it?

The BRAIN Initiative continues to fund highly meritorious grant applications. Current NIH BRAIN Initiative funding opportunities can be found on the BRAIN Initiative website; potential applicants should check here before preparing an application for BRAIN funding. As always, we encourage applicants to follow and search the NIH Guide to find funding opportunities that best fit their proposed projects. Parent announcement mechanisms may be good options; we encourage applicants to speak with NIH program staff to discuss their options for securing competitive federal funding to support their research.

My application scored well; will it be funded?

All applications received in response to a published BRAIN Initiative funding opportunity are reviewed for scientific and technical merit by scientific peer review. Well-scored applications are then prioritized for funding, based on relevance of the proposed project to NIH program priorities. However, the only way to definitively know if an application has been funded is through the issuance of a Notice of Award. Applicants are encouraged to reach out to NIH program staff with further questions.

Are you still funding supplements? Is it worth submitting an application?

The BRAIN Initiative will consider highly meritorious supplement applications including administrative, re-entry/re-integration/re-training, and continuity supplements.